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Thrift Store Follies: Lives from a Scrapbook

Sep 2026 | Artists, Childhood Photography, Documentary Photography, Fashion Photography, Photographic Postcards, Unknown Photographers

Cover Detail: Marcellus Family Scrap Book Photo Album, ca. 1920’s, 32.0 x 25.5 x 3.0 cm, black cloth album featuring hundreds of Marcellus family (Marselis) photographs dating 1870’s-1920’s who settled in the Bronx, New York State. The four children of Isaac N. Marselis (born Philadelphia, PA ca. 1866) & Lena M. Brown, (born E. Hampton, CT ca. 1867) were all accomplished child models as well as artists and dancers. Inset Album Leaf Group: At top center in wheelbarrow, ca. 1910, gelatin silver print, 10.7 x 11.5 cm on album leaf, 30.8 x 23.4 cm: L-R: Victor H. Marcellus: 1898-1968, Irene L. Marcellus: 1900?-1959, Virgillia Marcellus: 1893-after 1962), Violette Rita Marcellus: 1902-1979. Other photographs believed to show Victor with toy rifle at upper left, two photos of Irene at bottom and grouping of three female siblings with their mother at bottom center. From: PhotoSeed Archive

In June of 2024, I first posted to this blog some wonderful photos of Lucy the Elephant pasted within a scrapbook I purchased earlier that year. The series of photos of Lucy— Summer Wanderings & Roadside Wonders—included a woman waving while peering out of the pachyderm’s eyeball. Long story short: I now know who this person is, and a whole lot more about the lives depicted within that scrapbook.

Photo albums and scrapbooks featuring photographs can be some of the most rewarding and difficult to research. The latter is often because these artifacts not already sent to the landfill after the passing of the last generation depicted within are often a complete mystery to marketplace collectors. Almost without exception, it’s because the photographs themselves invariably lack subject names or locations. AI image searching software can sometimes help, but as I often tell my wife with a gleam in my eye, there cannot possibly be another old photo of 19th U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes floating around just because the algorithm detects yet another wizened gent sporting an impressive beard. Hence my advice in this area of collecting: Always. Trust. Your. Eye.

L: Violette, ca. 1915-20, graphite and watercolor on paper, unknown American? artist, inside front scrap album cover, 32.0 x 25.5 | 13.6 x 16.5 cm. This profile artist’s study shows Violette Rita Marcellus, whom The Sun newspaper of New York City on 13 July 1919 reported: “Violet Marcellus, who is Harrison Fischer’s favorite model, has made her stage debut in “The Greenwich Village Nights” at the Greenwich Village Theatre.” Violette listed her profession as showgirl on the 1920 US Census and married the following year to Garner Benson Mann, 1887-1962. R: Photo believed to be children of Violette’s sister, Irene Marcellus, (Copeland) dated July 4, 1931 on verso: L: Peter Copeland, 1927-2007 & Doris Irene Madden, 1929-2005. From: PhotoSeed Archive

For example: how is it possible that in the present a young woman described in 1916 as “the Most Famous Living Child Model”—someone who graced the covers of more than 200 magazines and was “said to be known to more than 50 million people in the United States”— is virtually unknown today? (1.) A scrap/photograph album this archive purchased several years ago from the Bronx dealer who rescued it from a Long Island thrift shop never answered this question. At least not at first. Turns out the answer, after several weeks of digging and careful removal of several snaps, is former child model turned Ziegfeld Follies dancer and actress Irene Marcellus. (born Marselis, around 1900) The subject of this post is a scrap album who I believe belonged to Irene’s older sister, Virginia Marcellus. (Virgillia Marcellus Laing: 1893-after 1962) She assembled the album from hundreds of Marcellus family photos as well as several original pieces of artwork sometime in the late 1920s, as best as I can deduce.

My research uncovered Irene sitting for famed American artists James Montgomery Flagg and Howard Chandler Christy, although no works are actually known to identify her, and the important American photographers Arnold Genthe, Alfred Cheney Johnston, Edward Thayer Monroe and Edwin Bower Hesser. But then our story gets much better. It turns out Irene, her siblings and even mother were all celebrated models and dancers in their own right.

L: Virgillia or Irene Marcellus Holding a Rose, ca. 1900-1910, unknown American? photographer, gelatin silver print, 14.2 x 9.5 cm on album leaf 30.8 x 23.4 cm. An artist’s model from the age of two years old, Irene Marcellus went on to be a dancer in the Ziegfeld Follies by the early 1920’s; a silent movie actress and acclaimed sculptor while still a teenager. This photo may show Irene (or older sister Virgillia) around the age of ten, perhaps taken as a study photograph for a painting. R: Grouping of photographs show Irene Marcellus on separate album leaf, 30.8 x 23.4 cm. Gelatin silver prints, ca. 1910. The photo at lower right shows an unknown man posing while smoking a pipe, possibly Irene’s father, Isaac N. Marselis. (b. 1866) From: PhotoSeed Archive

Unsurprisingly, Irene, still a teenager, who was reputedly said to speak Italian, French and Spanish because of long hours spent posing in the company of international artists as early as two years old, (2.) also became an artist—a sculptor. Later, in the early 1920’s, Hollywood director Marshall Neilan recruited her for silent films, although her roles remain uncredited: the immediate years following for her and younger sister Violet ending in breathless newspaper coverage of a most unusual nature. Specifically, when Hindu author “Prince” Sarath Kumar Ghosh died in 1920, his estate of less than $5,000 named Irene and Violet Marcellus as two of its three beneficiaries.

L: Album Leaf, Marcellus Family Album, ca. 1915-25, various photographers, featuring gelatin silver, halftone reproductions and hand-colored photographic post card, 30.8 x 23.4 cm. The larger photographs feature Irene Marcellus and perhaps her younger sister Violette, and portrait of Irene at lower right, possibly by Arnold Genthe. R: Irene or Violet Marcellus Posing, 1918, Arnold Genthe, American, born Germany 1869-1942, digital file from 5 x 7 in. glass plate negative. Besides Genthe, Irene and Violette were photographed by other famous photographers including Alfred Cheney Johnston, Edward Thayer Monroe and Edwin Bower Hesser. From: Genthe photograph collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

Scrap Album Leaf Featuring Irene Marcellus, ca. 1915-20, detail: various gelatin silver photographs by unknown photographers, black paper album leaf, 30.8 x 23.4 cm. Born around 1900, Irene was profiled in a 1916, Daily Standard Union, Brooklyn, N.Y. newspaper article: “Irene Marcellus won her first recognition in a painting of a slumbering child. Her mother was a model of more than ordinary ability and took Irene with her when she herself posed. She induced her baby daughter to feign sleep and the irresistible curly head and chubby arms won her immediate recognition.” Photo at upper left may be by Arnold Genthe. She has signed photo at upper right: Irene. From: PhotoSeed Archive

L: Proud Mother Marcellus, ca. 1920, gelatin silver print, 7.7 x 10.2 cm on album page 30.8 x 23.4 cm. Wearing her own hat in a humorous show of solidarity, Lena May Brown (Marcellus), holds a framed photograph believed to show daughter Irene Marcellus wearing a more elegant chapeau. The others are likely family members, perhaps her sister at right and husband. R: On another album leaf, a similar candid photo, 7.6 x 10.1 cm, with a proud Lena and possibly husband Isaac now showing off a cardboard display of daughter Irene Marcellus holding up a glass. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Scrap Page: Violette Marcellus Posing, ca. 1915-20, various gelatin silver prints, 10.1 x 7.6 cm by unknown photographer on leaf, 30.8 x 23.4 cm. This series of nine photographs show the artist’s model and dancer Violette Marcellus posing on a rooftop. At center, she sits before a tapestry backdrop and suspended bust. Besides being previously described in this post as Harrison Fischer’s favorite model in a 1919 article, Violette and sister Irene were members of the Helen Moller Dancers taking part in Miss 1917, a short-lived Broadway musical revue known today as George Gershwin’s introduction to musical theatre. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Young Models All, L: Victor Marcellus Posing in Turban with Pistol, 1915 or before, gelatin silver print by unknown N.Y. World photographer, 14.0 x 10.4 | 30.8 x 23.4 cm. The second born of the Marcellus family siblings, Victor H. Marcellus, 1898-1968, was also a child model who went on to serve in the U.S. Navy. The verso of this photo, which may have been used as part of a story by the World on the Marcellus “Most model” family, includes first publication notice in 1915: Victor Marcellus: 1st pub mag(azine) Nov 7/15. R: Virgillia Marcellus Artistic Study, ca. 1905-10, unknown American? photographer, gelatin silver print,14.5 x 9.9 | 30.8 x 23.4 cm. Known as Virgie to her sister Irene, Virginia “Virgillia” Marcellus, 1893-after 1962, was the first born Marcellus sibling. She was an artist’s model from a young age and became an interpretive dancer by 1919, the year she married Arthur Everard Laing, 1897-1980, a writer. They later had two children, Bruce and Leone. In the 1930 U.S. Census she was living with her parents in Queens, N.Y. with artist as listed occupation. By 1962, “Mrs. Laing” is mentioned as children’s librarian at the Chester, CT public library. From: PhotoSeed Archive

All About Dance, L: An unidentified dancer at left strikes a pose next to a fellow performer believed to be Irene Marcellus. Playbill identifies Irene as having been a performer for the Greenwich Village Follies of 1919, the Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic of 1920 and the Ziegfeld Follies of 1921 and 1922. Gelatin silver print from this period by unknown photographer, 10.3 x 6.0 cm. R: This illustration by an unknown artist of an Assyrian Dancer (…Barte.-(Danza Asyrian, 6.) postmarked Nov. 1919 was made into a rppc and mailed to Irene Marcellus when she was living in Greenwich Village. It may have had something to do with her run that year as part of the Follies. 8.0 x 8.3 cm. LR: Now standing outside a stage door, this is the same performer seen at far left. (10.3 x 5.9 cm) At right, a young woman believed to be Irene Marcellus exercises in a print dated 1917 on verso with notation in graphite Physical Culture—perhaps a dance class promoted and rebranded by the New York City Department of Education as Physical Education. (9.8 x 5.0 cm) From: PhotoSeed Archive

Nijinsky? This gelatin silver snapshot (8.7 x 5.5 cm) of a performer balancing on one foot is thought to be Russian Ballet dancer and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky. (1889-1950) The image, notated in graphite on the verso: West 46ST. New York City | Cookie (sp?) was glued into the Marcellus album next to the Assyrian Dancer illustration seen with this post. The US premiere of the Ballets Russes production of the L’après-midi d’un faune, (Afternoon of a Faun) ballet, which took place at the Century Theatre in New York City on January 17, 1916, originally had Léonide Massine in the role of faun. He was replaced by Nijinsky by early April, leading the Ballet Russe in “A Tour of America” from Oct. 1916 to Feb. 1917. Nijinsky’s ground-breaking role as the faun was made famous in a series of photographs taken in 1912 by Adolph de Meyer and published in a limited edition collotype folio in Paris in 1914. A potential clue as to why this photograph appears in the Marcellus album may be the result of the intersection of Irene Marcellus and sister Violet with American ballet dancer and choreographer Adolf Bolm, then dancing with the Ballet Russe. In 1917, Bolm, working with Nijinsky as part of the second part of a two-part American tour, injured himself and had to recuperate in the US, where he stayed and later choreographed for the New York Metropolitan Opera. As reported in the NY Times on Oct. 15, 1917 under Theatrical Notes: “The Misses Irene and Violet Marcellus of the Moller Dancers have been engaged for the ballet which Adolf Bolm is staging In the Century revue. “Miss 1917.” From: PhotoSeed Archive

Random Album Snaps by Unknown Photogs, Top L: ca. 1915? gelatine print, 6.8 x 8.0 cm, Man with striking resemblance to Russian Ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky, with inscription: “B.S.C. Moscow, I Team, Winter 1914/15. (“M.B.S.C.” hand-drawn as shirt emblem may refer to British or Moscow Sports Club active before First World War.) Top Middle: Unknown man holding handle—perhaps of a letterpress—inscribed in graphite on verso Luigi. (8.7 x 6.7 cm) Top R: Well-dressed gentleman seated before window. (no inscriptions—9.5 x 6.0 cm) Bottom: Photograph of man with embellished face makeup signed: To my esteemed friends— —Barile 7/23/16. Difficult to identify, but one possibility may be Xavier J. Barile, 1891-1981, an American painter, graphic artist, illustrator and art teacher born in Italy who opened his own art school in New York City in 1919. (8.6 x 8.0 cm) From: PhotoSeed Archive

Artist & Subject, L: Irene Marcellus shown sculpting a clay bust, ca. 1915-20. Unknown American? photographer, gelatin silver print, 13.5 x 8.4 cm. From a 1916, Daily Standard Union, Brooklyn, N.Y. newspaper article on Irene: “While posing for a picture that required her to keep her arms outstretched she played with a bit of clay to keep her mind occupied. With one hand she had modeled a tiny figure of Venus that was so well proportioned and exhibited so great an originality that she was encouraged to continue her work. She took some clay home and making herself some tools of wire hair pins and penholders, continued to model. …Artists and painters who have seen her work declare that she is unquestionably one of America’s rising sculptors.” R: Portrait of Irene Marcellus, 1918, with monogram in lower right corner obscured by brown paper frame dated 18. Possibly done by a family member—Virgillia? as monogram incorporates stylized M—this graphite on paper portrait with overall dimensions 13.9 x 10.2 cm is pasted next to a photograph of Virgillia in album. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Top: Rambling Timbers Living Room at Hewnoaks, ca. 1915-18, gelatin silver rppc, 8.7 x 13.7 cm. Aspiring artist Irene Marcellus furthered her artistic education by spending a summer at Hewnoaks, the artists retreat in Lovell, Maine owned by American artists Douglas Volk and wife Marion Larrabee Volk. Rambling Timbers began as a 19th-century farmhouse before the Volks “transformed it into a Tudor Revival-style summer home in 1901.” Still used as an artist’s retreat in the present day, “Rambling Timbers features a large, airy living room with a working fireplace (seen here) that is favored by residents as an informal gathering place and is often used for events and other receptions.” Notice the busts of Abraham Lincoln by Volk at left background and Lincoln’s death mask perched atop a shelf nearby. The framed oil portrait by Volk of Abraham Lincoln displayed on an easel in the photo was painted in 1908 and reworked in 1917 before being sold as part of the WWI relief effort to Thomas B. Clarke on Feb. 2, 1918. Now in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, this view was most likely taken before that sale. Bottom Left: Rambling Timbers Exterior at Hewnoaks, ca. 1915-18, gelatin silver divided-back AZO rppc, 8.7 x 13.0 cm. This postcard was sent to Virgillia Marcellus, then living in the Bronx, by her sister Irene, who wrote: “Dear Virgie, This is our home this summer. Best wishes to all. Irene“. The Volks renovations to Hewnoaks “introduced latticed windows, hewn wooden lintels, and a stucco exterior. Somewhere between 1904 and 1912, they added the dining room and kitchen wings. By 1904, Swedish-born woodcarver Karl Von Rydingsvard had added intricate Arts and Crafts-style carvings of natural motifs to the exterior.” Bottom Right: Now held by the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., the oil on canvas work Woodland Nymph was painted by Douglas Volk around 1904. This Sunday rotogravure reproduction clipping was pasted in the Marcellus scrapbook, perhaps giving a clue that a Marcellus family member— Virgillia?— posed for the work. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Sculpture and Sketches, ca. 1915-25, various gelatin silver prints, graphite on paper sketches and commercially-printed lithographic reproduction on album page, 32.0 x 25.5. Dominating the central focus of one scrapbook leaf is this photograph taken of a plaster medallion plaque of the mother of daughter-artist Irene Marcellus signed and dedicated to her. (Lena M. Brown, (born E. Hampton, CT ca. 1867) Two other paper sketches in opposite corners are by an unknown artist; the photo at bottom middle is believed to show Irene with big sister Virgillia and her parents; the performer at top right rehearses in the same space as the Nijinsky photograph in this post; the lithographic stocking cutout “Merry Christmas to You” is surely a bit of a joke, as it was drawn by someone with a similar name: Irene Marsellus. See another example of Irene’s sculpture: “War“, executed in 1915—part of a sculpture competition on the same theme held by the Friends of Young Artists that year in New York City. Digital copy by Bain News Service of glass plate negative now held at the Library of Congress. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Going for a Ride & Lost Silent Film Set, L: 1916, gelatin silver print, Francis Herbert Kellar, American, 1888-1934, 10.7 x 7.8 cm. Performers believed to be members of the Helen Moller Dancers, of which Irene and Violette Marcellus were members, go for a ride aboard the Eastern Star, a runabout. She won the time prize in the New York-Albany race according to the August, 1914 issue of Power Boating magazine. In her 1918 book Dancing with Helen Moller, Moller’s philosophy of dance stresses: “dancing is Greek plus American adaptability and creativeness.” M: 1921: Irene Marcellus on the now lost 1921 silent film set for Bob Hampton of Placer, set at Glacier Park in Montana. She is not listed in the film credits and probably appeared in background scenes. Gelatin silver print, unknown photographer, 8.5 x 4.5 cm. R: Irene Marcellus stands at right on a platform with others, most likely on the Bob Hampton of Placer film set in Montana. Ca. 1921, gelatin silver print, unknown photographer, 10.1 x 7.9 cm. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Virgillia Marcellus: Interpretive Dancer, L: Virgillia Marcellus Dancing, 1919, unknown American? photographer, gelatin silver print, 12.2 x 4.9 cm. From: PhotoSeed Archive. R: Virgillia Marcellus In “The Danse Macabre” The Approach of Dawn, halftone plate, The Lotus Magazine, April, 1919. This photograph accompanied the article “Individualism in the Dance” written by American author Arthur Everard Laing, 1897-1980, Virgillia’s husband. He wrote: “Miss Marcellus states that her interpretations are purely instinctive almost impulsive and that practically no study is devoted to the aesthetic effect She has said that no two interpretations of same theme are alike in detail.” (p. 193) The first photo is believed to be an outtake from the same photo session. Marcellus danced at least until 1926, with a review that year in The Billboard on April 10 exclaiming: “The Valkyrie, a short, swift dance with music by Richard Wagner, is next. Virgillia Marcellus is the dancer, and she displays talents worthy of more important work.” (Credit: web)

Irene in the News, L: In 1921, this photo of Irene Marcellus and publicists copy appeared in newspapers around the US: “The face and form of Irene Marcellus, one of the “movie” beauties, are said to be known to more than 50,000,000 people in the United States, as she has been reproduced on the covers of more than 200 magazines by some of the most noted artists. She is herself a talented sculptress.” (The Evening Gazette, Port Jervis, N.Y. Jan. 29, 1921) R: Mystery of the Indian Prince and the “Follies” Beauty was the headline for this full-page article in The Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine Section on Oct. 7, 1923 profile on Irene. Hindu author “Prince” Sarath Kumar Ghosh had left his estate, worth less than $5,000 to her and sister Violet and one other beneficiary when he died in 1920. The “Prince”, according to another breathless 1923 article in the Buffalo Sunday Courier had declared Irene: “Possessed a “Flawless, Flower – Like Beauty.” “He met her when she was 15, and was playing host at Lavish Parties in His Gramercy Park Apartments.” The large photograph at right in the Inquirer article was by American photographer Edward Thayer Monroe, 1890-1974. (Credit for both: Web)

By May, 1925, The New York Times reported terms of this will when it was officially filed for probate, the language contained within suggesting the sisters “abandon their present work of posing as artist’s models in the nude and use their respective legacies to fit themselves to earn their livelihood in other manner.”

Filming Out West, gelatin silver prints, ca. 1920-21 on album leaf 30.8 x 23.4 cm. For at least several years beginning in late 1920, Irene Marcellus was under contract with Hollywood film director Marshall Neilan. Four of these six photos were taken on the set for the now lost Neilan 1921 silent film Bob Hampton of Placer, set at Glacier Park in Montana. Members of the Blackfeet Tribe were used as substitutes for Sioux in the film—a lead-up to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. UL: Irene sitting on a stump wearing a fur coat, 10.5 x 5.9 cm. UM: Irene holds ceremonial pipe between two Blackfeet Tribe members, 10.5 x 6.0 cm. UR: Actress Marjorie Daw grins for the camera with a tipi behind her, 1920, 10.2 x 5.9 cm. LL: Irene with unknown person—with what appears to be a hotel complex (Glacier Bay?) behind them, 10.5 x 5.9 cm. LM: Unknown: perhaps from another film? Two children on a white horse pulling a plow, 7.1 x 8.2 cm. LR: Blackfeet woman in front of tipi, 10.4 x 5.9 cm. The roles played by Marcellus in Neilan productions are uncredited. She did appear in a Christmas promotional photograph in December, 1920 with Wesley Barry, who played Dick in Bob Hampton of Placer. The press reported Irene’s first film would be The Lotus Eater, a 1921 film starring John Barrymore with Colleen Moore. In an Oct. 1920 issue of The New York Star, an article on how Marcellus was recruited by Neilan was described in How Picture Stars Are Made Over Night: …Mr. Neilan, who has acquired the title of ‘The Columbus of the Movies’ as a result of the many persons he has brought out as stars, while attending a roof show in Manhattan spied Irene Marcellus in a group of beauties behind the footlights. “In five minutes Mr. Neilan was behind the scenes being introduced to Miss Marcellus, Do you want to be a star in motion pictures? asked Mr. Neilan. I would be most delighted, replies Miss Marcellus. “What salary do you want,” asked the producer.”The amount was named and he voluntarily doubled it. From his pocket he drew an old envelope, wrote the terms on the back, obtained the signatures of Miss Marcellus, the stage manager as witness, and then signed his own name. In just about the time it takes to tell the deal was closed. …From musical comedy beauty to star of the twinkling cinema is a big leap, but the judgment of Marshall Neilan has never failed, as evidenced in the cases of such present day favorites as Wesley “Freckles” Barry, Marjorie Day, Colleen Moore and others.” From: PhotoSeed Archive

Follies indeed. Facts are few after this period, although Irene is known to have furthered her artistic education—thanks to a photographic postcard in the album sent to Virginia (whom she called Virgie) —by spending a summer presumably studying with American artists Douglas Volk and wife Marion Larrabee Volk at Hewnoaks, their artists retreat in Lovell, Maine. Windfall or not, Irene later married and had two children by 1930. She died a widow in 1959, with Violet, (born Violette) also raising children and living a further twenty years.

The Marcellus sisters had a male sibling, Victor H. Marcellus, 1898-1968, who also modeled. Several album photos show a little boy wearing an oversized hat while beating on a snare drum as well as holding a toy rifle that is most likely him, and a later photo showing him holding a pistol, taken by a N.Y. World photographer and dated 1915. He ended up in the Navy later, serving on the U.S.S. New Jersey, his name pasted on a piece of scrap paper next to ship-side views in the album.

As it happens, another photograph bearing the verso stamp of the World newspaper pasted towards the end of the album is perhaps most significant. The “Model” family (at) home, written in ink, describes a photograph showing a mother and three daughters as well as Victor Marcellus in their parlor, her eldest Virginia standing at an easel. In February 1921, the Norwich (CT) Bulletin wrote: “The papers have been featuring the “most model” family—Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Marcellus and their daughters. Virginia, Irene and Violette of New York, models and stage favorites.”

There are other surprises in the album, notably a small, beautifully-composed snapshot of a male dancer stretching backstage or in a rehearsal space, believed to be Russian Ballet dancer and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky (1889-1950) He is dressed in the role for the Ballets Russes production L’après-midi d’un faune ,(Afternoon of a Faun) made famous in a series of 1912 photographs by Adolph de Meyer.

The “Model” Family at Home, ca. 1915, Gertrude A. Brugman, born Holland, 1875- , gelatin silver print, 11.8 x 17.0 cm. The Marcellus family were deemed worthy of newspaper coverage because of all family members had or were models for artists and photographers. This photograph was taken in the parlor of their Bronx home. Left to right: Irene, Virgillia at easel, Victor kneeling next to his mother Lena May (Brown) Marcellus and Violette at far right. The photo has stamps on verso for Brugman, an independent photographer (220 W. 14th St.) who was born in Holland, and the Art Dept. of the N.Y. World newspaper. An article about the family later appeared in Lena’s hometown paper, the Norwich (CT) Bulletin, in 1921: “The papers have been featuring the “most model” family—Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Marcellus and their daughters. Virginia, Irene and Violette of New York, models and stage favorites.” From: PhotoSeed Archive

Occasionally, landfill and thrift store finds like this album reveal a backstory of our shared cultural history by the family itself. A rare survivor indeed, and one worthy of preservation for the new insights it brings to the present by those who lovingly assembled it. I know I will be looking for more.

  1. Background: 1. Column: Women Who Lead The Way: By Marie Dille: “Irene Marcellus, the Most Famous Living Child Model”, The Daily Standard Union, Brooklyn, N.Y. Jan. 12, 1916; 2. “You’ve Seen Her Often; Know Her Name, The Ada Evening News, Ada, OK, Feb. 9, 1921.
  2. Ibid: “Irene Marcellus, the Most Famous Living Child Model”

Cue the Sun

Nov 2024 | Color Photography, Composition, Fashion Photography, History of Photography, New Additions, Painters|Photographers, Significant Photographers

“Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants” —Louis Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 1913

Top: The Sun takes center stage: Detail: “La Perle Doucement S’ Éteint et la Danse S’ Arrête | The Pearl Slowly Fades Away and the Dance Stops” Pierre Dubreuil, Belgian (1872-1944) Photogravure: Chine-collé: published in Die Kunst in der Photographie: 1903: Lieferung 1 | First Issue-16.5 x 23.0 | 26.6 x 34.8 cm. A critic on this photograph from 1901:”Now the light gradually dies and with it the dance fades away, for dance is a child of the light. They have whirled around for the last time, their movements become more subdued and tired, and now they stand still. They hold hands and lean back, as if in delicious relaxation. They look long and deeply into each other’s eyes once more while the sun sets.” Bottom: The Sun clouded over: Believed to be the original source material compositionally for Dubreuil’s photograph above: Detail: “Strassenklatsch | Street Gossip” Alfred Stieglitz, American (1864-1946) Photogravure published in Die Kunst in der Photographie: 1899: Lieferung 5 | Fifth Issue-12.2 x 21.0 | 24.9 x 33.7 cm. In her book:  Stieglitz-A Beginning Light, author Katherine Hoffman comments about this photograph: “Another well-known Katwyk image depicts the prow of a boat at anchor, its boom, lower sail, and rigging forming varied triangles.  The prow of the boat points toward two women talking nearby at the water’s edge. Entitled, Gossip, Katwyk, the photograph focuses on narrative and formal elements.  The women stand firm, their hands on their hips, forming small triangles that balance the ship’s forms and one of the women looks toward the ship.  The strong horizontal elements of the beach, water, and sky, serve as a well-integrated backdrop for the women and ship.  The small lantern on the boat seems to light the image symbolically.” Both from PhotoSeed Archive

This Brandeis quote is widely cited today as referring to the benefits of openness and transparency-especially as it pertains to keeping democracy vital and thriving.

So what does this have to do with a blog dedicated to preserving, promoting and riffing on the history of artistic photography?

Well, unfortunately, not much at all. That is, if only we were to think of photography as a truthful medium- something that accurately records for posterity what is placed before it or “seen” by the camera. That evidence would be from an impartial machine, and honesty might prevail. But as we traverse the second decade of the 21st Century, technology is taking a brutal hammer to what our once (believing) eyes took for fact. The sunlight of truthfulness has gotten a bit dim of late, yielding, inevitably, to “progress”. Of course, arguments could be made that photography has lied ever since the invention of the medium. Longtime readers of this blog might remember how I wrote about unscrupulous “photographers” operating in the mid 19th century who would trick people into believing the camera itself could mesmerize them. Today, as of October 2024, when I first spotted it, the updated version of mesmerization is now done courtesy of AI. (artificial intelligence) Here’s an Orwellian example of that in what I will call the Ebay photographic caption from Hell that should help put things in perspective:

Left: The Rays of the Sun cover the Earth: Before Photography, the public consciousness was getting more familiar with scientific thought in the press. Detail: Gilt decoration of the Sun and Earth: volume cover: “Light: Its Properties And Effects” London: The Religious Tract Society, 1838. 18mo: 5.5” x 4.25”. Illustrated with 40 steel engravings, an 1839 reviewer wrote of this little book: It is written in a simple style, but introduces the reader to all the arcana of the science which it touches. The anecdotes of singular illusions and the explanations of them enliven it, and serve to impress the general principles and laws of light more distinctly upon the mind. And, as may be believed from the fact of its issuing from the Tract Society, it fails not to point the learner “To look thro’ nature up to nature’s God.” Right: “Camera Obscura”, unknown artist: full-page steel engraving from “Light”- Chapter XI: Lenses-The telescope-The microscope-Various Optical Instruments: 13.5 x 9.8 cm. A family peers into a very large Camera Obscura placed on a table. Cameras such as this would eventually be retrofitted to accommodate chemically altered sheets of writing paper placed within-part of the process of making Photogenic Drawings and early Calotypes. From: PhotoSeed Archive

“This vintage photograph captures a momentous occasion in Yellowstone National Park in 1892. The image depicts a family who was taken by a tripod rigged. The photograph is in sepia tone and has a size of H18 3/10 cm x W21 5/10 cm. The image is produced using a photographic technique and features the Richardsons family. This collectible item is perfect for photography enthusiasts and collectors alike.“

So far, kinda good, other than the “tripod rigged” mention and the fact no one really speaks of common snapshots of Victorians chilling in nature as a “momentous occasion”. It would soon become apparent that our new friend AI was hard at work to really sell this photo. The caption continues:

Top left: First mass market publication of a “Sun Picture”: pasted paper label: PATENT TALBOTYPE or SUN PICTURES. 5.8 x 7.1 cm. Affixed to verso of leaf: 22.6 x 28.6 cm. 1846. Contained in “Art-Union Journal”. Top right: The editors of the publication were keen to go into detail on how Fox Talbot’s “Sun Pictures” (calotypes) were made, refuting the notion they were done by some sleight of hand, and even gave a detailed account of how these photographs were made. Bottom: “Mount Edgcumbe House, Devon” William Henry Fox Talbot, English, (1800-1877) salted paper print inserted in June 1, 1846 issue of the Art-Union Journal, London. 15.7 x 20.0 cm pasted to leaf 22.6 x 28.6 cm. Extremely rare but heavily faded, with the main facade of the home clearly identifiable, this is one of a believed 6000 original Talbotypes published in the Art Union. Various other views were also supplied by Talbot for the publication, a commission unfortunately compromised by the fact all of the calotypes were believed to be insufficiently fixed and washed by Nicolaas Henneman’s overworked Reading printing establishment. From: PhotoSeed Archive

“The Richardson Family was off on an expedition and there were no cell phones and there was no one out there and there were no Rangers and there were no Rescuers and nobody could save them if they where to call out and that’s what it was like in those days and they put their lives in front of nature and they didn’t think ahead of time to prepare if any natural occurrences would come along with bears and mountain lions.”

So yeah. What could possibly go wrong in our brave new world? I say bring on the sunlight. And lots of it. Call out the fakes. Push back. We here at PhotoSeed are big fans of transparency. Who wants to collect a “vintage” photograph with that kind of back story or an obvious fake of great, great grandma or grandad run through an AI filter? Well someone of course, and that’s cool too- whatever floats your boat and all that. But I digress.

“The Glorious Sun: Stays In His Course And Plays The Alchemist” : “Here is a Wonder, if You Talk of a Wonder” were phrases incorporated into the elaborately engraved title page to the very first issue of “Sun & Shade-A Photographic Record of Events”: July, 1888. Unknown American artist, possibly George Wharton Edwards, (1859-1950) credited with cover design for issues beginning around 1890. 30.5 x 24.1 | 35.2 x 27.6 cm. Published by the The Photo-Gravure Company of New York by Ernest Edwards, the publication, according to the volume “Imagining Paradise”, “grew from less than fifty subscribers to a monthly edition of four thousand copies” in its first year. “With emphasis on quality rather than quantity, the magazine transformed itself from its original concept of a “Photographic Record of Events” to an “Artistic Periodical”, and would feature many fine photogravure plates, mainly from photographs but also artwork. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Sunlight- as a kind of invisible chemical medium- was everything to the existence of early photography. Similar to AI today in that enabling it is just a few clicks on a computer keyboard, and may remain a mystery to unsuspecting viewers, people did not understand what a photograph  was or how they were made in the earliest version of the medium. Sunlight provided that answer, or at least a reasoning. The ever-present Sun overhead provided the means for these early efforts. In the 1830s, the Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot, a botanist among other passions, experimented by recording the shapes of things like leaves and lace, contact printing these on sheets of chemically altered writing paper. The results were known as “photogenic drawings”, or drawings produced by light. It’s no wonder promotion of early photography involved the iconography of our friend the Sun.

Top: The Eyes of the Sun: Sun iconography was incorporated like this example in the cover design to the important Austrian portfolio Amateur-Kunst, (Amateur Art) published in late 1891 by the Vienna publishing house Gesellschaft für Vervielfältigende Kunst. Detail: gray cloth over boards, three-point folder portfolio-January, 1891: Vol. III, No. 29: 49.8 x 36.6 cm. Middle: From around 1890, the Sun God Phoebus, (Apollo) one of the Olympian deities in Greek and Roman mythology, was prominently featured on covers for the publication “Sun & Shade, an Artistic Periodical” published by the N.Y. Photogravure Company from 1888-1896. Wood engraving: 35.2 x 27.6 cm. George Wharton Edwards, American (1859-1950) is responsible for the Art-Nouveau cover design, which also includes a plate camera at the upper right corner. Bottom: Detail: “Sun Artists Series Wrapper”. Multi-color wood engraving: October, 1889. 40.3 x 30.4 | 40.3 x 60.8 cm (outline of series title Sun Artists printed in gold ink) Featuring a design by English illustrator Laurence Houseman, (1865-1959) this rare example of a brown-paper wrapper for the first Number of Sun Artists originally contained four hand-pulled photogravures made from the original negatives taken by English photographer Joseph Gale, (1835-1906) as well as individual letterpress featuring an essay on this photographer’s work by George Davison. All: PhotoSeed Archive

Talbot’s Calotype process, patented in 1841 with earlier iterations being the basis for his groundbreaking positive-negative process of 1839, would be referred by him and other practitioners as “Sun Pictures”, or Talbotypes. The editors of London’s Art Union Journal exclaimed in June 1846, while presenting an original example of one of his Sun Pictures (see example above) that:

“It will be remembered that we have from time to time called attention to these truly wonderful representations, in our notices of Mr. Talbot’s work, “The Pencil of Nature.” By the public these “sun-pictures” are still misapprehended-still “misnomered;” we shall accordingly, in this notice, show what they are not, and endeavour to explain what they are, as it is yet far from generally accepted that they result from the action of light alone, and are not produced by some leger-de-main [slight of hand] of Art.”

Top left: The Painted Sun: Detail: “Study of a Nude”, 1899, Charles Fondu, Belgium: (1872-1912) collotype from Sentiment D’Art en Photographie: Vol. 1, No. 4, Planche 3: 14.8 x 19.6 | 26.0 x 36.9 cm. From the volume “The Last Decade” published in 1984 by George Eastman House, this photograph is commented on: “Fondu’s woman, combination of femme fatale and omnipotent angelic female, is profiled against the sun. Like the sunflower, the sun was a popular symbol with art photography clubs. It represented photography’s necessary light as well as the inspiration, power and renewal associated with otherworldly presence.” (p. 4) Lower left:  “Family in an Explosion of Light” Emery Gondor, American (b. Hungary- 1896-1977) Linoleum cut: 1925 plate from 1923 block: 20.5 x 18.8 cm impression | 28.9 x 25.0 cm. Although better known as an artist, Emery Gondor was an accomplished photographer whose work appeared in some of the largest European newspapers (principally German) from the mid 1920’s into the 1930’s. He escaped the Nazi regime, emigrating to America in 1935. This plate from his unpublished folio: “Sehnsucht nach Licht” (Yearning for Light) : “8 original Linoleum cuts by Emerich Göndör”. Right: The Sun in etched form: Detail: “Folder: Die Kunst in der Photographie” Hermann Hirzel, born Switzerland, (1864-1939) 36.0 x 26.5 cm  Originally etched in 1896, Hirzel’s cover design showing a Faun playing his flute among a landscape of trees and the rising Sun was used in all issues from 1897-1903. Published between 1897-1908 by Franz Goerke in Germany, Die Kunst in der Photographie is one of the most important journals of photography ever published showcasing artistic photography from around the world. All: PhotoSeed Archive

The article continues and even gives the chemical formula for making sensitized Calotype paper that could be exposed in a camera obscura. (1.) Terminology developed rapidly from here. To differentiate in the public discourse from a painting or drawing made by hand, these new “photographs” would hence be referred to as being “From Nature.” The one constant of this wondrous invention was the Sun overhead. It alone was responsible for even making photography and photographs exist in the first place.

In the exhibition catalogue “The Last Decade” published in 1984 by George Eastman House, the symbolism of Sun imagery is discussed as part of an 1899 nude study by Belgian photographer Charles Fondu:“Fondu’s woman, combination of femme fatale and omnipotent angelic female, is profiled against the sun. Like the sunflower, the sun was a popular symbol with art photography clubs. It represented photography’s necessary light as well as the inspiration, power and renewal associated with otherworldly presence.” (p.4)

As a graphic device, the image of a Sun would be a great promoter for photographic achievement, and was common in print even through the first decade of the 20th Century. 

Top: The Setting Sun: “Adieux au Soleil | Farewell to the Sun” Pierre Dubreuil, Belgian (1872-1944) Photogravure: Chine-collé: published in Die Kunst in der Photographie: 1903: Lieferung 1 | First Issue-12.2 x 24.5 | 26.3 x 35.2 cm. In 1901, Fritz Loescher, in his essay On the Pictures of P. Dubreuil, comments on this photo: The farewell to the sun is wonderful in the combination of the most artistic calculation and the favor of the moment. The dark female figure, standing on the far edge of the seashore, stretching out her arms towards the departing sun, is like the embodiment of the longing for the light. And driven by the wind, the veil from the head also blows in the same direction, and the mood of this human soul is expressed in everything to the fullest.” From: PhotoSeed Archive. Bottom: My contemporary update from 2001: “Butterfly Wings”.On Lake Worth Lagoon in Palm Beach County Florida, the wings of the most beautiful butterfly is what came to mind while the wind lifted up the silk cape being held by Ballet Florida dancer Wendy Laraghy. This photo was from a series of portraits of Ballet Florida dancers in unconventional but truly believable South Florida settings and situations. The story promoted the fact the local company, based in West Palm Beach, was turning 15 years old. Photo by David Spencer/The Palm Beach Post

I hope you enjoy these examples of artistic photographs from nature, and have included a few of my own as modern comparisons. The contrast deliberate, my very own version of “Sun & Shade”: “Butterfly Wings” was taken in the “Sunshine State” while “Condemned” hails from the depths of an upstate New York Winter.

Left: The Sun: but quite hidden on a snowy day: “Condemned” :1984, from a gelatin silver print. By David Spencer for the Daily Orange. Some of the last students of Winchell Hall, on the campus of Syracuse University in New York state, hang out on exterior balconies for the last time. The first dormitory to be constructed on campus in 1900, Winchell Hall Dormitory for Women was replaced by the Schine Student Center. Right: Setting sail into the Sunset? “Off Tilbury” Ralph Rowland Rawkins, English: (1874-1951) Mounted platinum print, from the Hand Camera Postal Club Portfolio: 1904: 14.3 x 7.1 cm print | mounts: 14.6 x 7.3 | 14.9 x 7.7 | 30.4 x 25.2 cm. Rawkins, the honorary secretary for the Postal Club based in London’s Tufnell Park, took this photograph of a sailboat silhouetted against a hazy, sunny sky in September, 1904. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Even in our current digital age, the Sun, giver of all life, continues to make photography possible by giving complex machines the illumination necessary to record our everyday existences and its many hues, shapes and wonders. But it’s a layered argument, the Sun being symbolic as well. Take my last photograph in this post. It’s the winter of 1983 (2.) and my assignment for The Daily Orange student newspaper was to photograph the final residents of the old Winchell Hall dormitory on campus, soon to face the wrecking ball. A snowstorm, as was common on a Syracuse winter day back then, was in full force. Stage directing the scene from across the street while somehow convincing the students to  all climb out onto their respective room balconies was actually the easy part. What I didn’t anticipate were all the smiles that erupted, the finger pointing and general merriment the act of taking the photograph brought about. Sure, the old building was coming down to be replaced by a bright new shiny object, but these students had been forever immortalized in a photograph. And a truthful one at that: an unmanipulated moment where their futures were truly bright, and one where future dreams would surely include many bright tomorrows.

  1. Excerpt: The Talbotype. ⎯  Sun Pictures. The Art Union Journal, June 1, 1846 pp. 143-44.
  2. I may have actually photographed this scene in mid January, 1984. From the SU archives: “While in the process of being demolished to make room for the building of Schine Student Center, a fire, possibly arson, swept through Winchell in early February 1984 and hastened the venerable structure’s end. in early 1984.” Read more about the history of Winchell Hall.

Nach der Natur: Grand Album of European Pictorialism

Oct 2024 | Archive Highlights, Exhibitions, Fashion Photography, Highlights from the Archive, Publishing, Significant Portfolios

A little over seven years ago, this archive finally acquired the monumental European portfolio Nach der Natur, (After Nature) published in Berlin in early 1897.

Detail: Gold-Stamped Cover title for Portfolio “Nach der Natur”. Photographische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1897: 49.8 x 37.0 x 2.2 cm. Blue fabric cloth over boards. Translated: AFTER ◦ NATURE PHOTOGRAVURES AFTER ◦ ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS ◦ BY AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS PUBLISHED ◦ BY THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY BERLIN. . With Forward by Franz Goerke & essay by Richard Stettiner. The folio consists of 32 hand-pulled photogravures: 25 individual plates and a further 7 reproduced within the letterpress. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Composed of 32 sumptuous hand-pulled photogravure plates, I learned it was considered a cornerstone to any important collection of artistic photography when first reading about it almost 25 years ago. And, as persistence can sometimes pay off, a Dresden antiquarian bookseller listed the folio, along with other titles, appearing in my inbox in March of 2017. The portfolio itself is the artistic historical record for Berlin’s 1896 Inter­national Exhibition of Amateur Photography (Internationalen Ausstellung für Amateur-Photographie) held in the Reichstag building, the German government’s legislative headquarters, which had newly opened two years prior in mid 1894.

Approximately 580 exhibitors took part from around the world, with one reviewer commenting that other than the scientific entries, in terms of mounted photographs: “there may have been several thousand of them”. The exhibition had the support of Victoria, Empress of Germany and Queen of Prussia, the first born child of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: a chip off the proverbial block per chance? It’s well known Albert had a passion for employing early photography to document the British Royal family.

On September 3, 1896, Berlin, Germany’s Reichstag building, shown here around 1895, opened its ornate entrances on September 3, 1896 to host the Inter­national Exhibition of Amateur Photography (Internationalen Ausstellung für Amateur-Photographie). Over 580 exhibitors from around the world took part and 26,000 visitors attended the salon during the months of September and October 1896. Today the Reichstag is home to the German federal parliament, known as the Bundestag. Photo source: Grüße aus Berlin und Umgebung. Verlag Kunstanstalt W. Sommer, Berlin-Schöneberg 1898

Due to this work being an important influence on the perception of photography as art in the public discourse during the last years of the 19th century, I’ve dedicated some time in pulling contemporary reviews for the exhibition, and have further translated the entirety of the letterpress for the portfolio, along with acknowledgements, etc. from editor Franz Goerke and the main portfolio essay penned by Richard Stettiner. I will continue my thoughts at the conclusion of this post on the importance of the photogravure plates from this work and how it influenced Alfred Stieglitz in America, with the baton first taken up by Goerke- an important proponent of the photogravure process. Goerke had shown a series of mounted photogravures at the exhibition- logically continuing his favored reproduction process by assembling Nach der Natur as a remembrance of it. But first, some contemporary excerpts laying out differing perceptions of the 1896 Berlin exhibition by the German photographic press:

1845: The future Empress Friedrich, German Empress and Queen of Prussia (1840-1901) is shown at left seated with her mother, Queen Victoria (1819-1901) of the United Kingdom. The Empress was the official patron for the 1896 Berlin amateur photographic exhibition, with the 1897 portfolio “Nach der Natur” dedicated to her. Carbon print c.1889-91 by Hughes & Mullins from an original 1845 daguerreotype. This is probably the earliest photographic likeness of the Queen and the Princess Royal. Photograph: Royal Collection Trust: RCIN 293131

Observations: The German Photographic Press (translated)

Photographische Mitteilungen, Berlin: October, 1896: reviewer Paul Hanneke:

⎯  On September 3rd, the international exhibition for amateur photography opened in the new Reichstag building. The choice of location is certainly a very fortunate one, because as a sight in Berlin, it already exerts a certain attraction on the public. The rooms made available for the photography exhibition are on the first floor and are large enough to be able to arrange the numerous pictures etc. received in a clear order. Unfortunately, the lighting conditions are sometimes quite unfavorable, so that some beautiful pieces do not really come into their own. The exhibition itself is richly represented by all parts of the world, namely Austria, England, France and Belgium, which are countries that have participated heavily and are distinguished by their outstanding achievements, especially in artistic terms.  (1.)

Left: The 1896 Official catalogue and guide of the International Exhibition for Amateur Photography Berlin, (Officieller Katalog und Führer der Internationalen Ausstellung für Amateur-Photographie Berlin 1896.) published by Rudolf Mosse, featured a cover drawing of a photographer and two farmworkers. The 112 pp. catalogue featured a frontispiece of the Reichstag, a listing of exhibits and 40 pages of advertising at the rear. Photo courtesy Antiquariat Geister, Berlin. Right: Printed in red letterpress are details that appeared opposite the title page to the portfolio “Nach der Natur” published in early 1897. Individual page: 48.5 x 35.2 cm. Translated, it reads: ALBUM ✻ OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION FOR AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY BERLIN 1896 ✻ PUBLISHED ON BEHALF OF ✻ THE GERMAN SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF PHOTOGRAPHY ✻ AND ✻ THE FREE PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION ✻ BY ✻ FRANZ GOERKE ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻ ✻. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Wiener Photographische Blätter, Vienna: November, 1896: reviewer Ludwig David:

⎯ Respectfully withholding commentary for work shown at the exhibition by his own club: “the Vienna School has taken its place with honor”, David gives overall thoughts and then offers criticism for individual works at the exhibition from their respective countries, England, France, Belgium, etc: “The exhibition was divided into several sections in order to keep the representations of artistic photography and those serving scientific purposes separate. The fact that the exhibition was housed in the stately, wide rooms of the new Reichstag building ensured that it was well attended, as many people were enticed to get to know the interior design and the beauties of this new building. The large number of visitors, around 26,000 people, can also be attributed to the keen interest shown in the exhibition by Berlin’s upper class.

“ln der Dämmerung | At Dusk”: 1897” Emma Justine Farnsworth, 1860-1952: American: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #3 included within letterpress for “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 8.4 x 14.0 cm on leaf 48.5 x 35.2 cm. This photo dates to 1893, and is a variant of a better known pose she copyrighted in 1894. (where subject is not sleeping) Vienna reviewer Ludwig David commented on Farnsworth work at the 1896 Berlin exhibition: “In Emma Justine Farnsworth (Albany) we meet an excellent artist whose figure studies are surrounded by a poetic magic. When one considers that the depiction of the figurative in the natural landscape is in itself a delicate task, one must doubly admire the lyricism associated with the pictures. The good pigment prints, produced in bright colors, also give the pictures a captivating charm. “At Dusk” is the title of one of the most beautiful Chiaroscuro pictures. A young lady is resting, stretched out on a bench, just below a window formed by bull’s-eye panes; the light floods in places.” Wiener Photographische Blätter, November, 1896 p. 214. From: PhotoSeed Archive

⎯  All of the pictures that were not for scientific purposes, there may have been several thousand of them, were housed partly in the corridors, which receive their scant light from the courtyards of the building, and partly in a large domed structure that connects these corridors and has a skylight. In these rooms there was room for all the pictures that are understood under the somewhat cumbersome and tasteless name of “amateur photographs.” There was no separation of the pictures of an artistic nature from the majority of pictures that do not claim this designation.”

⎯  From America, David singles out William Boyd Post, Clarence Moore, C.R. Pancoast, Charles I. Berg, Emma Justine Farnsworth, A. Eidenmüller (St. Paul) and Alfred Stieglitz: …“a well-known master whose fame was not first established at this exhibition. Most of his pictures are no longer new either. “A wet day, with its drastic rainy mood is outstanding; “Scurrying home“, two old Dutch women walking through the countryside, is picturesque, a splendid picture printed in sepia.

“Bolton Abbey”, Charles S. Baynton, 1866-1926: English: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #10 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 15.8 x 20.7 cm on leaf 35.2 x 48.5 cm. This stunning multiple-color photogravure is surely one of the highlights of the portfolio. C.S. Baynton was an accomplished amateur photographer who specialized in architectural work. He was a long-standing member of the Birmingham Photographic Society. Located in North Yorkshire, the historical remains of Bolton Abbey (monastery) date to the middle ages. From: PhotoSeed Archive

⎯  It must be said of the exhibition itself that it has fully fulfilled its task of giving a picture of the current state of photography. The arrangers, who had to deal with an enormous amount of material, deserve credit for having handled this task in a skilful manner: among others, Dr. Neuhauss has done particularly well for the scientific department of photography, and Mr. Franz Goerke for the artistic department. The light in the exhibition room was not sufficient in all places, the pictures were often too close together and hung much too high. It would also have been advisable to separate the pictures with a painterly effect from the works that were not of the same quality and to have the admission and award jury for this section comprise only recognized artists.” (2.)

“Mlle. Cléo de Mérode”, Carle de Mazibourg, dates unknown: French: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #8 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 23.0 x 14.6 cm on leaf 48.5 x 35.2 cm. Amateur photographer Carle de Mazibourg is considered one of the very first street fashion photographers and since at least 1895 was a member of the professionally oriented Societé Française de Photographie Paris. His subject here-modeling in a Paris park, is French Belle Époque dancer Cléo de Merode. (1875-1966) Merode has been referred to as the “first real celebrity icon” and the “first modern celebrity”. She was also the first woman whose photographic image, due in particular to photographers Nadar and Léopold-Émile Reutlinger, was distributed worldwide. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Photographische Correspondenz, Vienna & Leipzig: October, 1896: Unknown reviewer(s):

⎯  Would you like a picture of the international exhibition for amateur photography in Berlin? If you call a horse a crocodile, you have used a nomenclature that is just as correct as calling this exhibition an amateur exhibition, assuming that you assume that the amateur does photography for pleasure.

It would actually be time to divide amateur photographers into two classes: amateurs who turn to the subject out of scientific interest and pursue serious studies for their own development, and dilettantes who only engage in photography per diletto, for pleasure and to pass the time. Even with this classification, the name of the exhibition would hardly be correct, because it contains universal material in which the specific arts and crafts play a large part; it shows the enormous expansion of photography in our time, of which portrait photography is only a very small individual case. Due to this versatility, one could say that the exhibition is filled with the work of professional photographers.

⎯ There is hardly an area of ​​art and science that does not have a connection with photography. This explains the lively interest shown in this technique even in the highest circles, and which finds its most striking expression in the fact that Her Majesty the Empress Frederick has granted the exhibition her patronage.

“Grenadiers at the Watchfire”: Albert-Edouard Drains, known professionally as Alexandre: 1855-1925: Belgian: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #12 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 20.2 x 28.6 cm on leaf 35.2 x 48.5 cm. Grenadier guard soldiers, (British? French?) their swords at their side, sit around a watchfire. In addition to being a renowned pictorialist: landscapes, seascapes, studies of military life, nudes, portraits of artists, etc., Alexandre was a Photograph dealer specializing in the collotype process of reproducing paintings in the Royal Museums of Belgium. From: PhotoSeed Archive

⎯ The exhibition not only gives a picture of art and science, no, it gives a description of the world in pictures, which ranges from the mists of emerging worlds to the tiniest creatures that treacherously gnaw at the health of our bodies; and those who are prevented by unfavorable circumstances from following their urge to travel far away will find satisfaction here, because Mother Earth is presented to them from the snow-covered peaks of the highest mountains to the deepest shafts of the burrowing miners, from the islands of the South Seas circling the globe to the west, to the magnificent landscapes of California.

⎯ On the whole, the practice of platinum and pigment processes predominate. Matte collodion paper is also often used, but cannot compete with the first-mentioned processes in terms of artistic impression, not least because of the bluish cold tone of the background, which is one of the disadvantages of stencil-based photography. Pictures with a glossy surface are only found in small numbers and least of all where the artistic effect of the picture is important.

“Am Meere | By the Sea”: Rudolf Crell: 1833-1904: German: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #12 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 11.9 x 16.0 cm on leaf 35.2 x 48.5 cm. A painted seashore behind her, a woman poses for a portrait inside a studio. Rudolf Crell was known to also be a painter, so the backdrop may be by his hand. A senior teacher ,Crell lived in Altona from 1875. He was a full member of the Society for the Promotion of Amateur Photography in Hamburg from 1895 until he moved to Desau in 1898. From: PhotoSeed Archive

⎯ We now enter the round domed hall, which has an international character. We would like to call it the fermentation vat of the exhibition, because here it ripples and foams and struggles for new means of expression and creates bubbles, some of which disintegrate, while others condense into core points around which new structures arrange themselves. Here you can hear the professional photographers cry out in horror, and yet they should be able to explain why a considerable number of visitors describe these works in particular as painterly and virtuosic. Does the secessionist idea have any justification alongside the traditional art forms? It undoubtedly deserves to be examined for its causes, its nature and its relationship to the traditional. It is the absolutely unfamiliarity that has a repulsive effect on the professional photographers here. They are used to looking at the world through photographic glasses and do not believe that it looks completely different in reality. But photography is old enough that these glasses will need new lenses that are a bit sharper. A picture that is hung on the wall must not be too small and must have a different, less decorative character than a picture that is kept in an album for intimate viewing. For this reason, the large pictures at the exhibition are so much more effective than the small pictures that one has to look at with a trained eye. (3.)

“Auf der Landstrasse | On the Country Road”: Léonard Misonne: 1870-1943, Belgian: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #22 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 15.4 x 21.1 cm on leaf 35.2 x 48.5 cm. Three women gather to chat on a country road outside their village- a welcome interlude perhaps for chores begun. According to the Directory of Belgian Photographers, “Misonne’s work is characterised by a masterly treatment of light and atmospheric conditions. His images express poetic qualities, but sometimes slip into an anecdotal sentimentality.” He was nicknamed “the Corot of photography”. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Compatriots in Photogravure: Franz Goerke & Alfred Stieglitz

And who was responsible for these “sumptuous hand-pulled photogravure plates” contained in Nach der Natur? The Photographische Gesellschaft in Berlin. As I’ve noted elsewhere on this site, the proper name of this atelier is The Berlin Photographic Company. Established in 1862 in Berlin, Germany with retail and distribution branch offices located in New York, London and Paris, this large art publishing house was founded by the brothers Christian “Albert” Eduard Werckmeister, (1827-1873) an engineer and chemist, and “Friedrich” Gustav Werckmeister, (1839-1894) a painter and etcher. The concern was collectively owned and run by their younger brother Emil Werckmeister. (1844-1923) The majority of their efforts concerned the reproduction and sale of engravings and notable oil paintings by master artists in the collections of major museums and collections throughout Europe, with the permanent process of photogravure a specialty of the house.

The establishment of fine photogravure production in Europe, including the earlier noteworthy efforts of Walter L. Colls in London for his Linked Ring Salon folios and Photo Club de Paris folios by Charles Wittmann in Paris set a very high bar for the future published efforts of Franz Goerke in Berlin and Alfred Stieglitz in New York.

“Nach Hause | Home”: Alfred Stieglitz: 1864-1946, American: Hand-pulled photogravure, plate #30 included within “Nach der Natur” portfolio: 18.9 x 15.6 cm on leaf 48.5 x 35.2 cm. Dutch fishwives head for home on the beach at Katwyk, in South Holland. Best known with the title Scurrying Home, its alternate title is Hour of Prayer, the implication being they were heading to their daily ritual of the sanctuary of the church-seen in the background of the photograph. From: PhotoSeed Archive

After his publication of Nach der Natur, Goerke, (1856-1931) an important exponent of German art photography, took on the project of being editor and publisher for Die Kunst in der Photographie, (The Art of Photography) published in Berlin from from 1897-1908. Many of the hundreds of fine photogravure plates making up the run of DKIDP beginning with 1897 can be found in this archive. A founder along with others in 1889 of the Free Photographic Association in Berlin, Franz Goerke’s promotion of photography as art is summed up as part of his Preface to Nach der Natur:  

“The seed has been sown by this exhibition. May it bear rich fruit. Above all, it should convince those who still see artistic photography as a useless and pointless game that there is a deep and serious desire in amateur circles to raise photography to the status of art and to place it alongside other arts.”

An amateur photographer himself, Goerke’s passion as publisher and editor certainly piqued the interest of Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) in New York, a self-taught amateur photographer whose formal education included mechanical engineering, beginning in October, 1882, when he enrolled in the all male Technical University of Berlin (Technische Hochschule) and later photochemistry at the same institution- taught by Hermann Wilhelm Vogel. (1834-1898) An authority on orthochromatic photography, Vogel became a mentor to the young Stieglitz, and he later founded the Deutsche Gesellschaft von Freunden der Photographie (German Society of the Friends of Photography) in 1887.

At the conclusion of his university studies and Continental wanderings, Stieglitz returned to the US in September, 1890 at the passing of his sister Flora. At the urging of his father Edward, he soon became involved with the business venture of photoengraving: first at the struggling Heliochrome Company in lower Manhattan, which he eventually restructured. Taking on his two former Berlin roommates Louis Schubart and Joseph Obermeyer as partners, this concern was rechristened the Photochrome Engraving Company. Photogravure was a specialty, but Stieglitz soon became involved in other ventures-first co-editing the American Amateur Photographer in 1893, ultimately rising to sole editor in January, 1895, the increased workload among his other interests giving him “the opportunity to disentangle himself from the Photochrome Engraving Company”. (4.) Even without having a direct hand in his own atelier, by the time he received his copy of the Nach der Natur portfolio in late 1897, his obvious delight and respect for the photogravure plates executed within by the Photographische Gesellschaft in Berlin under Goerke’s mindful watch gave him obvious delight. This in turn gave him reason to author a review of the portfolio in the pages of the new publication Camera Notes, the journal of the New York Camera Club. Paraphrasing, his reaction to the quality of these plates proclaimed photogravure: “the most perfect of all photographic reproduction processes.” (5.)

“Photographische Gesellschaft Berlin”: gold emblem, (5.0 x 3.9 cm) stamped on verso of cloth-covered boards for Nach der Natur portfolio. (49.8 x 37.0 x 2.2 cm) Known as the Berlin Photographic Company, this atelier, a large art publishing house, was established in 1862 in Berlin, Germany with retail and distribution branch offices located in New York, London and Paris. The permanent process of photogravure was a specialty of the house, and it was chiefly concerned with the reproduction and sale of engravings and notable oil paintings by master artists in the collections of major museums and collections throughout Europe. From: PhotoSeed Archive

The review in its entirety: “Nach der Natur” is without doubt the most elaborate and beautiful publication which has yet appeared in photographic literature.

The series of photogravures which form the bulk of the book, include pictures by the chief medallists of the Exhibition. Among the familiar names we find: Henneberg, Alexandre, Hannon, Farnsworth, Stieglitz, Le Beque, Bremard, Baynton, Esler, David, Boehmer, etc. The text, which serves as an introduction to the pictures, is an essay, which tries to prove that pictorial photography may be an art. Even if all the pictures selected may not prove the case most of them are perfect gems. The photogravures, as such, are beautiful specimens of the most perfect of all photographic reproduction processes.

The library of every photographic club should include this important work, as those interested in pictorial photography will find every phase of it well represented. A copy has been procured for the Camera Club Library.  A.S. (6.)

Stieglitz would go on to publish his own portfolio of fine photogravures: Picturesque Bits of New York and Other Studies in 1897, (N.Y.: R.H. Russell) the same year Nach der Natur appeared. On the other side of the Atlantic, Goerke’s  own Die Kunst in der Photographie, which should be considered the most important European publication directly inspiring the fine photogravures that soon appeared under the editorship of Stieglitz’s Camera Notes, would in turn lead him elevating the process to its apogee in the US: his groundbreaking and seminal venture Camera Work, published between 1903-17.

⎯ David Spencer  October, 2024

 

1.  Excerpt: Paul Hanneke: Internationale Ausstellung für Amateur – Photographie zu Berlin , Photographische Mitteilungen, Berlin: October, 1896: pp. 205-209/ continues: pp. 219-224; 235-37.

2. Excerpt: Ludwig David: “Die künstlerische Richtung auf der internationalen Ausstellung für Amateur-Photographie in Berlin,” Wiener Photographische Blätter, Wien: 3:11 (November 1896), pp. 201–215

3.Excerpt: “Berliner Nachrichten. September 1896.”, Photographische Correspondenz, Vienna & Leipzig: October, 1896: from unknown reviewer(s): (article signed: “Von der Hasenhaide”) pp. 471-477

4. Julia Thompson: Stieglitz’s Portfolios and Other Published Photographs: Alfred Stieglitz Key Set, NGA Online Editions, accessed September, 2024

5. Camera Notes, New York: Vol. 1, issue III: January, 1898

6. Ibid, p. 85

Changes

May 2024 | Color Photography, Fashion Photography, New Additions

“Huntress” | Harry Hemphill | Drapery Dancer: Unknown American photographer, 1908. Cyanotype postcard: 8.7 x 13.8 cm. Chariton, Iowa native Harry Hemphill, 1876-1954, the son of a blacksmith and a dress-maker, made his living as a major Vaudeville star from 1894 to the end of 1917. He made all his own costumes, and traveled across the country with his own rail car filled with props and scenery: even spending nearly a year performing in top venues in Australia and New Zealand. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Welcome to the newly redesigned PhotoSeed website, version 2.0.  It has been several years in the making, with the reality that the first version became technically obsolete, no matter the myriad work arounds and, dare I say, gaffer tape employed to keep it functioning.

Back end engineer Tyler Craft and designer Jay David, the same talent behind the first generation 2011 PhotoSeed website that won a 2012 Webby award for the Art category, have rejoined forces and rebuilt PhotoSeed from the ground up. The result: simplified, stripped down, and better user function. However, for a website devoted to Photography, what we like most of all, in our humble opinion, is that the site itself is a work of art.  

“Huntress” | Harry Hemphill | Drapery Dancer wearing Suit: Unknown American photographer, 1908. Cyanotype postcard: 13.8 x 8.7 cm. Chariton, Iowa native Harry Hemphill, 1876-1954, the son of a blacksmith and a dress-maker, made his living as a major Vaudeville star from 1894 to the end of 1917. He made all his own costumes, and traveled across the country with his own rail car filled with props and scenery: even spending nearly a year performing in top venues in Australia and New Zealand. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Changes ⎯ like how gender-bending Iowa Vaudevillian Harry Hemphill, above, did to transform himself into the drapery dancer with the stage name “Huntress”—are not just literal constructs but unique examples of photographic evidence collected by this archive to showcase and keep you coming back for more. In keeping with the continuing purpose of establishing a more concise historical record for known and unknown photographers working in the era of artistic photography (roughly 1890-1930), PhotoSeed hopes to continue a world-wide discussion and re-evaluation of this material. We look forward to your input, suggestions and criticisms for the purpose of improving the site for all who visit.   

⎯David Spencer- Massachusetts, May, 2024

Spring

Mar 2018 | Fashion Photography, Significant Photographers

“Spring”: Frances Benjamin Johnston, American:1864-1952: vintage photogravure: 1903: 20.6 x 11.9 | 35.5 x 27.7 cm: The work is one of 40 taken from the portfolio titled the “Vollgros Collection of Masterpieces of American Photographs” published in Chicago. The unknown model, with cherry or apple blossoms in her hair, bears a passing resemblance to the poster artist Ethel Reed. “Spring” also appeared as a halftone text illustration in the October, 1898 issue of Camera Notes (V.II, No. 2) published by the New York Camera Club. From: PhotoSeed Archive

Summer Love & Remembrance

Jul 2017 | Color Photography, Fashion Photography, Unknown Photographers

 From days gone by, an early summer scene for your viewing fancy.

“Woman with Poppies”: vintage Autochrome glass plate: Anonymous, perhaps British photographer: ca. 1910-20: 8.2 x 8.2 cm. Autochrome, the first practical color photographic process, was invented and first patented by Auguste and Louis Lumière of France in 1903. Commercially available beginning in 1907 and championed by pictorialist photographers the world over, Wikipedia states Autochrome was an additive color mosaic screen plate process. “The medium consists of a glass plate coated on one side with a random mosaic of microscopic grains of potato starch dyed red-orange, green, and blue-violet which act as color filters. Lampblack fills the spaces between grains, and a black-and-white panchromatic silver halide emulsion is coated on top of the filter layer.” From: PhotoSeed Archive

See other examples of early color views in various processes from PhotoSeed here.

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